Monday, September 30, 2019

The Ways in Which Mansfield Presents Leila’s Thoughts and Feelings About the Ball:

Mansfield describes a young lady first introduction to society. She describes the young girl’s emotions and excitement in a way that submerges the readers in Leila’s fantasy world, with a lot of different feelings and emotions. Mansfield wrote this story with third omniscient person. This gives the reader the opportunity to see and know Leila’s feelings, thoughts, the atmosphere, etc. Mansfield illustrated a colourful, rich fairy tale as Leila’s world. The reader can sense how Leila’s perception of the balls seems a dreamlike event.The story begins with a description of Leila’s feelings as it was her first ball. She feels mostly joy and excited. She feels mostly joy and excited, because for her â€Å"Every single thing was so new and exciting†. Even though the ball has nearly started she was sure â€Å"She would remember (the ball) for ever†. Her desire and impatience to dance is felt when she is in the cab passing by â€Å"wal tzing lamp-posts and houses and fences, and trees†. It creates a mental image of the cab dancing a waltz with the trees, houses, and fences throughout their journey to the ball.This shows how Leila is wondering how the ball is going to be, and how she looks forward to it. Mansfield creation of a dream world is revealed in Leila’s views of everything. It gives the impression that she look at everything with wide eyes and astonishment. This can be seen in the simple common details, such as â€Å"Meg’s tuberoses, Jose’s long loop of amber, Laura’s little dark head†. Everything is seen by her as most charming and extraordinary. Yet as she gets to the ball, she becomes extremely nervous but still excited, since she has never experienced anything like this.The reader knows it is her first ball, not just because of the title, also because of the question of the e Sheridan girls â€Å"Have you really never been to a ball before, Leila? † Leila ’s response is not straight forward, but an excuse, which she said it â€Å"softly, opening and shutting her fan†. The fact that the action is written in present continuous shows that the action is happening at that moment and that it is continuous. We can imagine how she is opening, and shutting her fan, continuously, which shows her nervousness.Apparently, Leila’s heart is beating fast, this is specially evoke when â€Å"she tried not to smile too much; she tried not to care†. There was something that promotes this emotion and the reader can locate it at the part where Leila wonders of thoughts about the ball through completely unrelated objects, such as â€Å"the bolster on which her hand rested (which) felt like the sleeve of an unknown young man’s dress†. This shows her nervous feeling and how she looks forward to dance at the same time.When they arrive Leila is still nervous which is emphasized by using imagery, â€Å"A great quiverin g jet of gas lighted the ladies’ room. It couldn’t wait; it was dancing already†. The action of the story starts when Leila arrives at the ball. Everything to her is so magical, as so new. This is emphasized by the exaggerated description of the place, â€Å"The noise was deafening†. (I can’t remember the literature effect’s name. Even though I think it is wrong. ). As we mentioned before, the simplest thing astonishes her.This time is conveyed by the detailed description of what is happening on the Ladies’ room. One clear example, is the description of how â€Å"Dark girls, fair girls were patting their hair, typing ribbons again, tucking handkerchiefs down the fronts of their bodies, smoothing marble-white gloves. And because they were all laughing it seemed to Leila that they were all lovely†. The dream-like world idea continues when Leila enters to the drill hall, her excitement and astonishment for everything, made Leila fo rget â€Å"to be shy†, and also to forget how her nervousness was about to made her not go to the ball.This is showed in a flashback when she was â€Å"in the middle of dressing (and) she had sat down on the bed with one shoe off and one show one and begged her mother to ring up her cousins and say she couldn’t go after all†. This whole idea of the fairy- tale world is emphasized with Leila’s thoughts: â€Å"How heavenly; how simple heavenly! † Mansfield compares the ball with heaven which shows Leila’s perfect and magic view of the ball. The rhetorical questions Leila makes throughout the short story emphasizes her naive and her thrill, â€Å"’Am I mean to have one too? †, â€Å"Why didn’t the men begin? What were they waiting for? † The music starts and Leila dances with two different young men. Mansfield uses the dialogue to show Leila’s and her partner thoughts. The fact that the partner â€Å"sounded tired† is a way that Mansfield uses to show the reader that Leila is dancing as if there was no tomorrow. Leila does not care answering to the same questions that every partner asked her, for her â€Å"it was thrilling. Her first ball! †. She just thinks that the ball is magical, majestic and beautiful. (Do you think I should put something more in here? The climax occurs when Leila begins to dance with the old fat man. Mansfield description of this man is a rupture in the stereotype of the men that have been dancing with Leila. â€Å"when Leila compared him with her other partners he looked shabby†. This gives the reader a clue that this character is going to break Leila’s magic and beautiful world. The fat man upset her by revealing the might-be-true fact of what age could do to her. He says â€Å"long before that you’ll be sitting up there on the stage, looking on, in you nice black velvet.And these pretty arms will have turned into little short fat ones, and you’ll beat time with such a different king of fan-a black bony one†. After this eye-opener of what might be her future, the reader can see how Leila’s thoughts start to turn into pessimistic and how she questions herself, â€Å"Was this first ball only the beginning of her last ball, after all? †. The falling action occurs when â€Å"the music seemed to change; it sounded sad†. Pathetic fallacy is used by Mansfield with the music to represent Leila’s mood. Leila goes back in to time when â€Å"deep inside her a little girl threw her pinafore over her head and sobbed†.She has stopped dancing and â€Å"didn’t want to dance more†. There are two ways of facing this problem, being pessimistic or optimistic. Suddenly another man asks her to dance with him, and she then has to make a decision. At first Mansfield presents Leila’s decision to dance with the â€Å"young man with curly hair† as a matter of politeness (it sounds a little bit strange, but I don’t know how to say it, â€Å"una cuestion de educacion†), but the magic of the ball makes her forget the whole conversation with the old man. So she decided to choose the second one.When she steps on the dance floor, â€Å"in one minute, in one turn, her feet glided, glided. The light, the azaleas, the dresses, the pink face, the velvet chairs, all became one beautiful flying wheel†. Mansfield joins the end with the starting, by the word play of the words wheel and the cab bowled, â€Å"they bowled†,(I’m not sure if this makes sense), showing the return of the feelings of happiness and joy. She has forgotten totally the harsh conversation that even when she dances again with the old fat man â€Å"She didn’t even recognise him again. † The Ways in Which Mansfield Presents Leila’s Thoughts and Feelings About the Ball: Mansfield describes a young lady first introduction to society. She describes the young girl’s emotions and excitement in a way that submerges the readers in Leila’s fantasy world, with a lot of different feelings and emotions. Mansfield wrote this story with third omniscient person. This gives the reader the opportunity to see and know Leila’s feelings, thoughts, the atmosphere, etc. Mansfield illustrated a colourful, rich fairy tale as Leila’s world. The reader can sense how Leila’s perception of the balls seems a dreamlike event.The story begins with a description of Leila’s feelings as it was her first ball. She feels mostly joy and excited. She feels mostly joy and excited, because for her â€Å"Every single thing was so new and exciting†. Even though the ball has nearly started she was sure â€Å"She would remember (the ball) for ever†. Her desire and impatience to dance is felt when she is in the cab passing by â€Å"wal tzing lamp-posts and houses and fences, and trees†. It creates a mental image of the cab dancing a waltz with the trees, houses, and fences throughout their journey to the ball.This shows how Leila is wondering how the ball is going to be, and how she looks forward to it. Mansfield creation of a dream world is revealed in Leila’s views of everything. It gives the impression that she look at everything with wide eyes and astonishment. This can be seen in the simple common details, such as â€Å"Meg’s tuberoses, Jose’s long loop of amber, Laura’s little dark head†. Everything is seen by her as most charming and extraordinary. Yet as she gets to the ball, she becomes extremely nervous but still excited, since she has never experienced anything like this.The reader knows it is her first ball, not just because of the title, also because of the question of the e Sheridan girls â€Å"Have you really never been to a ball before, Leila? † Leila ’s response is not straight forward, but an excuse, which she said it â€Å"softly, opening and shutting her fan†. The fact that the action is written in present continuous shows that the action is happening at that moment and that it is continuous. We can imagine how she is opening, and shutting her fan, continuously, which shows her nervousness.Apparently, Leila’s heart is beating fast, this is specially evoke when â€Å"she tried not to smile too much; she tried not to care†. There was something that promotes this emotion and the reader can locate it at the part where Leila wonders of thoughts about the ball through completely unrelated objects, such as â€Å"the bolster on which her hand rested (which) felt like the sleeve of an unknown young man’s dress†. This shows her nervous feeling and how she looks forward to dance at the same time.When they arrive Leila is still nervous which is emphasized by using imagery, â€Å"A great quiverin g jet of gas lighted the ladies’ room. It couldn’t wait; it was dancing already†. The action of the story starts when Leila arrives at the ball. Everything to her is so magical, as so new. This is emphasized by the exaggerated description of the place, â€Å"The noise was deafening†. (I can’t remember the literature effect’s name. Even though I think it is wrong. ). As we mentioned before, the simplest thing astonishes her.This time is conveyed by the detailed description of what is happening on the Ladies’ room. One clear example, is the description of how â€Å"Dark girls, fair girls were patting their hair, typing ribbons again, tucking handkerchiefs down the fronts of their bodies, smoothing marble-white gloves. And because they were all laughing it seemed to Leila that they were all lovely†. The dream-like world idea continues when Leila enters to the drill hall, her excitement and astonishment for everything, made Leila fo rget â€Å"to be shy†, and also to forget how her nervousness was about to made her not go to the ball.This is showed in a flashback when she was â€Å"in the middle of dressing (and) she had sat down on the bed with one shoe off and one show one and begged her mother to ring up her cousins and say she couldn’t go after all†. This whole idea of the fairy- tale world is emphasized with Leila’s thoughts: â€Å"How heavenly; how simple heavenly! † Mansfield compares the ball with heaven which shows Leila’s perfect and magic view of the ball. The rhetorical questions Leila makes throughout the short story emphasizes her naive and her thrill, â€Å"’Am I mean to have one too? †, â€Å"Why didn’t the men begin? What were they waiting for? † The music starts and Leila dances with two different young men. Mansfield uses the dialogue to show Leila’s and her partner thoughts. The fact that the partner â€Å"sounded tired† is a way that Mansfield uses to show the reader that Leila is dancing as if there was no tomorrow. Leila does not care answering to the same questions that every partner asked her, for her â€Å"it was thrilling. Her first ball! †. She just thinks that the ball is magical, majestic and beautiful. (Do you think I should put something more in here? The climax occurs when Leila begins to dance with the old fat man. Mansfield description of this man is a rupture in the stereotype of the men that have been dancing with Leila. â€Å"when Leila compared him with her other partners he looked shabby†. This gives the reader a clue that this character is going to break Leila’s magic and beautiful world. The fat man upset her by revealing the might-be-true fact of what age could do to her. He says â€Å"long before that you’ll be sitting up there on the stage, looking on, in you nice black velvet.And these pretty arms will have turned into little short fat ones, and you’ll beat time with such a different king of fan-a black bony one†. After this eye-opener of what might be her future, the reader can see how Leila’s thoughts start to turn into pessimistic and how she questions herself, â€Å"Was this first ball only the beginning of her last ball, after all? †. The falling action occurs when â€Å"the music seemed to change; it sounded sad†. Pathetic fallacy is used by Mansfield with the music to represent Leila’s mood. Leila goes back in to time when â€Å"deep inside her a little girl threw her pinafore over her head and sobbed†.She has stopped dancing and â€Å"didn’t want to dance more†. There are two ways of facing this problem, being pessimistic or optimistic. Suddenly another man asks her to dance with him, and she then has to make a decision. At first Mansfield presents Leila’s decision to dance with the â€Å"young man with curly hair† as a matter of politeness (it sounds a little bit strange, but I don’t know how to say it, â€Å"una cuestion de educacion†), but the magic of the ball makes her forget the whole conversation with the old man. So she decided to choose the second one.When she steps on the dance floor, â€Å"in one minute, in one turn, her feet glided, glided. The light, the azaleas, the dresses, the pink face, the velvet chairs, all became one beautiful flying wheel†. Mansfield joins the end with the starting, by the word play of the words wheel and the cab bowled, â€Å"they bowled†,(I’m not sure if this makes sense), showing the return of the feelings of happiness and joy. She has forgotten totally the harsh conversation that even when she dances again with the old fat man â€Å"She didn’t even recognise him again. †

Sunday, September 29, 2019

My Home Exercise Program

Keaisha Vernon August 22, 2012 English 095: Writing Skills My Home Exercise Program â€Å"My Home Exercise Program† is an essay written by Michele Wood, about a health conscious young lady who prefers working out at home than at the gym. She truly believes that this is the one and only way to keep oneself fit, nutritious, and healthy. â€Å"Exercise is the best way to combat the battle of the bulge† (Michele Wood). People spend a lot of money on expensive exercise clubs. She also believes it is nothing but just a waste of money. Her personal opinion behind this topic is, start working out at home to get a healthy and fit body with a happy life.For working out at home we have to keep three things in our mind, which are most essential. They are workout clothing (including t-shirts, baggy pants, and shoes), background music, and last but not least duration and frequency of work out. If we maintain these three things consistently, it will be very easy to build up a strong a nd healthy fitness. The first significant part of authors program is clothing. Loose fitting and comfortable dress are precise for work out. (Michele Wood) T-shirt and Baggy pants are considered as comfortable fittings.Shoes are also an important part of clothing because they have to hold us up all day long. Many people choose different brands for shoes. While we are working out, water is very important for our body. It really helps crucially to maintain hydration during workouts. The next part of the authors program is background music, video, and DVD. She owns several terrific video collections that she uses regularly. I want that body; Cardio Blast, Burn plus Abs are some of her favorite videos. She truly believes that background music should be motivational and enjoyable.The last part of her program is duration and frequency of work out. Many experts recommended that people should exercise thirty minutes at least three days a week. Once we get used to thirty minutes aerobic exer cise routine, than we can increase our duration and frequency of working out. We can visualize the result within four weeks or as many as twelve weeks depending on our individual metabolism. At last we can say that to keep a good, fit, nutritious and healthy body we have to maintain our regular exercise, and for that working out at home is the best option.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Accidents Have Caused Major Explosion

Accidents Have Caused Major Explosion In the past few years there had been a steady increment in the usage of the risk assessment in the offshore production facilities. This is especially after the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988 and many other major accidents that killed many lives. Operators are showing an increasing awareness by reviewing the safety of their existing topside production facilities. The Piper Alpha accident provided adverse confirmation that the predictions of risk analyses regarding major accidents were certainly prudent. Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) is very useful in order to reduce the risks especially on the hydrocarbon releases from offshore topsides facilities. (Harmony, 1998) The accidents have caused major explosion and followed by some other minor explosions that release huge amount of hydrocarbons such as gas, liquid and 2-phase liquid. According to the investigation report that had been made after the accident, the main reason that causes the accident is the handover work made by two diff erent shift personnel. Communication problem is one of the reasons of the tragedy. Initially the platform only produced crude oil. However, after a few years natural gas is also being produced. During the installation of the gas conversion equipment, the fire walls were not upgraded to the blast wall that causes a severe explosion throughout the disaster. Moreover, the pumping operation of oil and gas was continued even though the fire started to spread on the platform due to lack of professed authority that just witness the burning of the Piper (Taylor, Wallace, & Ward, 1991). It was started from the two condensate injection pumps which are A and B. The day shift engineer forgot to inform the condition of pump A to the night shift engineer in which the pressure valve was removed for recalibration and recertification. There are about 106 recommendation has made for the future of safety offshore by the Cullen Report. All of the recommendations had been accepted and implemented by the offshore operators later then (Simon, 2012a). Petrobras Enchova Central Platform was listed in the major offshore accidents. This platform also listed as one of the worst and notable blowouts in the history of offshore oil platform. It is located in the Enchova Field, Brazil and operated by Petrobras. Two major incidents recorded in these fields which were on 16 August 1984 and 24 April 1988. The first accidents caused by blowout followed by explosion and fire. Most of the personnel were evacuated safely by chopper and lifeboat. Unfortunately, 42 workers died during the evacuation processed. The main reason that killed many lives during evacuation is because the failure of lowering mechanism of a lifeboat. The lifeboat was suspended and eventually fell 10-20m to the sea which killed 36 personnel. The other six workers were killed when they jumped from the platform to the sea at 30-40m height. (Simon, 2012b) The second accident occurred on 24 April 1988 which is four years later dur ing the workover operations on the platform. One of the well that operated by the platform blew out and finally ignited that resulted in the destruction of the platform. Petrobras decided to drill two relief wells in 30 days’ time and eventually succeed in controlling the blowout (Maduro & Reynolds, 1989). The workover well was performed in order to convert oil well to gas well. Then the blowout occurred during that converting process. The fire resulted from gas ignition last for 31 days. There was no loss of life recorded because the floating living quarters were separated from the platform during the blowout. The operator incurred a total loss because the extensive damage to the topside structure (Simon, 2012b).

Friday, September 27, 2019

Financial Report- Halliburton Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Report- Halliburton Company - Essay Example that participated in auditing Halliburton Company were KPMG LLP, Auditors included through there auditing conveyed that the company had to fully disclosure its financial statements. The public companies must be audited because most of them engage in corruption and misuse of public fund. Therefore they must be audited to give out assurance. 5. Halliburton Company used cash basis accounting. From its Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows it has shown clearly that operating activities amount $ 3654, investment activities shown that , $ (3,688) and the financial activities amounted $( 9172). These activities show that the transaction was in cash basis. 6. The following were items that accompanied Halliburton company financial statement: accounting policies description of the company which helps to the investors to evaluate their financial stability through calculation of assets and liabilities. The people who invested in Halliburton Company are assured of high profit either in long term and short term periods. Also they are assured of proper record keeping (Risdon, & Alvarez2011). 7. Halliburton annual report differs from one another in a way that they need reconciliation statement. In compressive income statement if differs with cash flows statement. In order for them to balance, they articulate the following transaction was required. 9. Working capital can be defined as a financial analysis which characterizes operation available to a company, organization or other entities such as public and government entities or private (Broody, 2004). Liquidity ratio establishes a relationship between cash and other current asset to n current obligation. In Halliburton company , it has his current ratio which it may leads to idle assets that earn nothing and also may lead to theft in small quantities (Pinto, 2010). 10. For the two recent years (2012 and 2011), are Halliburton company’s assets where financed by debtors or the owner’s equity? Explain and

Thursday, September 26, 2019

MBA Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MBA Essays - Essay Example I proposed a plan to Greenline, an environmental NGO that I deal with awareness campaigns. The plan was to clean the sandy beach using shovels and placing sponges to prevent oil in the sea from returning onto the sand. I coordinated with Greenline’s VP to secure the sponges and shovels, and contacted the Red Cross and schools’ community service groups to help. With more than 50 volunteers, we were able to clean 5 km of Beirut shoreline. As the news spread, more people joined arms, cleaning additional 15 km of shoreline. â€Å"You will not inherit anything, only education.† This was my father’s often-repeated phrase. My siblings and I faced limited prospects due to our family’s financial situation and even dimmer prospects while in countries like Lebanon. The only way forward was through a top-notch education, which I had benefited from via a merit scholarship. I wanted to maximize my siblings’ chances of following my path. My youngest sister, Rula, had demonstrated high academic potential although the best education available at the American University of Beirut was beyond my parent’s financial capabilities. My sister however succeeded in her admission and I decided to finance her education. The decision meant many things at a personal level; it meant selling my car, and reducing the outings and other expenditures that are appropriate for man in his mid-twenties. Career wise, it meant taking up overtime and delaying my postgraduate plans for a year. Rula’s motivation and hard work paid off. She is soon to graduate from AUB before joining a private equity firm in Qatar. I know her life and surroundings will be changed for the better and I hope in some ways that I passed our father’s legacy to her. I was hired amongst a team of four by Etisalat, the national telecom operator in the United Arab Emirates, to propose the next generation Information, Communication, & Technology (ICT) policy

Accreditation of City College of San Francisco Research Paper - 1

Accreditation of City College of San Francisco - Research Paper Example Besides that I have incorporated pathos since there is an element of persuasion in argumentation and what better way to persuade than to appeal through the emotions of your opposition. The use of pathos has been juxtaposed with the use of logos since the opposition is one of the high intellects. Juxtaposition, therefore, is my second rhetorical device. The largest community college in California seems to have landed itself in big trouble. It faces the daunting prospect of losing its accreditation, a decision that would mean no more financial aid for its students and possibly the closure of the institution itself. The reasons for these are mainly fiscal trouble and mismanagement. Evaluators are not happy with the way City College allocates its budget, nor with the fact that it has a very few administrative staff, most of which, is untrained. According to Roberts, 92% of City College’s budget is spent on salaries and benefits with retirement benefits spiraling out of control, much of its one-time working capital is used to fund operational expenses and has a small number of administrators who are too inexperienced to run a big institution such as City College (Roberts). The Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges has given its verdict based on these reasons, the President of the Commission, Barbara Beno said, â€Å"Only accredited colleges can receive public funding under state law. However, City Colleges failure to fix serious, long-standing problems of leadership and fiscal planning means that the accrediting commission could vote as early as next June to yank the schools all-important certification† (Asimov). Losing accreditation would therefore mean no more public funding for one of the largest institutions in California, no chance of financial aid for its 90000 students and the dire prospect of closure. In fact, City College will also not be able to transfer credits,

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Mining-hazrds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mining-hazrds - Assignment Example The hazards are more dangerous and also unhealthy as compared to other industries. Among the difficulties are the working conditions in the quarries and mines. The employees are exposed to climatic and also weather conditions especially those working in the surface mines. Sometimes the mines may be covered during winter but it only makes the work much more dangerous. However, surface mines pose less risk compared with underground mines. They are recorded to be a dump, noisy, dark and even hot. It, therefore, poses a risk to the health of the workers (Hopkins 2001, p. 25). Water may cover the tunnel floors up to the level of several inches. The only source of lighting in the mines is from the hats of the workers. The operations in the mines get done on limited space. Workers are forced to work on their stomach, knees, hands or their backs. It, therefore, makes the environment less conducive to work. There are unique dangers in the underground mines such as the mine fires, workers being exposed to harmful gases, cave-in and also explosions. Additional hazard that gets experienced in the mining industry is dust. It is generated by the drilling process in the mines. Workers who get exposed to the dust are prone to contaminating lung diseases (Hopkins 2001, p. 26). Hazards can get compared on an international level. It becomes important to integrate the groupings of hazards as well as labeling. A system for all chemicals and also mixtures of the chemicals has, therefore, got established. The classification of the chemical enables the consideration of the adverse effects and helps in evaluating the steps to take. The community, on the other hand, is directly affected by the mining operations. The hazards are felt by the community as they lose their people in the mines. Mining operations affects the community socially, environmentally and also economically. Therefore, the community should get involved

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discussion - Essay Example Actions that are evil or bad, result from ignorance. Socrates connected knowledge with virtue and linked virtue with happiness. Summing up Socrates philosophy of ethics we conclude that, the wiser man knows the right thing so he does good and thus stays happy. In contrast to Socrates, Aristotle suggested an ethical system termed "self-realizationism". Aristotle said, "Nature does nothing in vain." Hence, a person must act according to his nature and enhance his hidden talents, so to be happy and satisfied. In his view, a person will do good deeds and be content when he operates in harmony with his nature and grasps his full potential. When a baby is born, he is a â€Å"potential person†. The innate potential of that child must be realized for him to become a "real" person. He believed that discontent and aggravation are resulted when a person is unable to realize his potential. Moreover, he emphasized that for a person to become virtuous, he had to practically do virtuous activities than just simply studying what virtue is. Plato upholds a virtue-based eudemonistic ethics. This means that human well-being (eudemonia) is the chief aim of moral notion and demeanor. Platos views on an ethics of happiness seem rather passive because of his differing perception of happiness. He observes happiness as a state of precision which is very hard to realize as it is based on metaphysical conjecture which may seem both obscure and beyond ordinary understanding. As per discussing the consistencies and differences, we generally observe that Socrates and Plato believe in the moral imperative. Socrates and Plato had a higher opinion of Humanity than Aristotle. Plato was more interested in understanding the relationship between the everlasting and absolute, and in what is more concise and flows in nature. Socrates sustained that there were fixed rules for right and wrong. He believed in unending, absolute laws as

Monday, September 23, 2019

Cas a Constant Struggle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cas a Constant Struggle - Essay Example However, aside from simply being able to give each person the capability of doing things that they ought to complete as individual beings in the community, liberty has also paved way to a wider and more diverse society that is populated by individually aspired population who wants to make a name of their own within the society that they are living in. THE United States Bill of Rights has generated so much interest that in 50 years, some 700 books have been written about it-over 40 of them this year alone. Since 1991 is the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the Bill of Rights, people were even more interested in this subject. Yet, a poll revealed that 59 percent of the American public do not know what the Bill of Rights is. When the Constitution of the United States was ratified in 1788, it allowed for amendments that would clarify positions not clearly defined in the Constitution. In 1791 the first ten amendments were added to the Constitution. These ten amendments had to do with liberty and became known as the Bill of Rights, for they guarantee to the people of the United States certain individual liberties. The word freedom in its broad sense as used in the Bible and in the field of government means merely "acting at will". "Freedom is the state of being free; liberty; self-determination. The power of acting, in the character of a moral personality, according to the dictates of the will, without other check, hindrance, or prohibition than such as may be imposed by just and necessary laws and the duties of social life." The word "liberty", as generally used, is practically synonymous with the word "freedom". "Liberty is freedom; exemption from extraneous control. The power of the will to follow the dictates of its unrestricted choice, and to direct the external acts of the individual without restraint, coercion, or control from other persons is the main idea supported by the thoughts of applying liberty in the human society. The capability of human individuals to act upon what they want and to react upon what they see the way that they want to is a clear depiction of the actual applicat ion of liberty today. According to some social psychologists, the want of being free and being able to do what they want is innate in humans. It is a major part of the human behavior that sets people apart from the being that animals follow. Everybody in the society wants to appear better than what is usually seen from others. The initial want for fame is an undeniable cause for such thinking. This is primarily the reason why the dream of having an equal society is most likely believed to have been hindered by the forces implied through the application of individual liberty. So as soon as the news spread that a constitution was in the making, freedom-loving people began a movement for a national bill of rights that would guarantee their liberties and would separate Church from State. If the people were in such fear of a centralized national government, why would they create it After the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, a new governmental system was needed. British rul e in each colony came to an end. The states then adopted the

Sunday, September 22, 2019

The Great Debate Essay Example for Free

The Great Debate Essay Sex and gender, nature and nurture; these are some terms that have been the heat of debate among the Social Science field for some time. Sex and gender have been used as interchanging terms for many years. You may ask, is there a difference? Yes, there is. Sex refers to the biological differences, chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs (Nobelius, NPG). Gender refers to characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine (Nobelius, NPG). The debate over sex/gender and nature versus nurture has been intriguing to many in the Social Science realm. Social Science has long been concerned with the extent to which certain aspects of behavior are a product of inherited (nature) or learned characteristics (nurture). Nature deals with the aspects of our being that are innate, while nurture regards how environmental aspects affect us. There is little doubt that genes (nature) determine such things as eye, hair or skin color. But the nature versus nurture debate seeks to understand how a person develops factors such as personality, intelligence and behavioral traits. There are many questions that arise with this debate. We know that both nature and nurture play parts in defining us as people, but exactly how much? If everything in our personality can be changed by our environment and how we learn, then does our birth sex matter? Does being male give the right to be the â€Å"head of the house†? And does being the mother always mean you have to raise the children? In my paper, I am going to discuss the history if this great debate of nature versus nurture, patrilineal and matrilineal societies as well as other cultures and how they function, followed by a brief summary and my conclusion. Going back into the history books, we know many people studied this topic (and similar behaviorism topics), people such as John B. Watson, Margaret Mead, Marshall Sahlins and B. F. Skinner. We can see the earliest recorded debate over this topic, using the terms â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture† started in France during the 13th century (Tree.com, NPG) in a manuscript titled Silence. Though the exact terminology was â€Å"nature† and â€Å"noreture† (for nurture) these terms were used to discuss characteristics that worked to shape one’s personality (Tree.com, NPG). 600 years later was the next instance by a man named Francis Galton in 1874 (Tree.com, NPG). In Galton’s work English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture, published in 1874, Galton states: [Nature and nurture are] a convenient jingle of words, for it separates under two distinct heads the innumerable elements of which personality is composed. Nature is all that a man brings wi th himself into the world; nurture is every influence that affects him after his birth (Tree.com, NPG). The meaning has stayed the same for the centuries that have passed, so let’s take a look at different types of societies, patriarchal (patrilineal) and matriarchal (matrilineal) and see if there are differences. The term patriarchal defines a social system in which the male acts as the primary authority figure, central to the social organization, and where fathers hold authority over women, children and property† (Wikipedia 3, NPG). Patrilineal refers to relating to, based on, or tracing ancestral descent though the paternal line (Dictionary, NPG), so, matriarchy and matrilineal mean the same, except for the women. We will look at Patriarchal/patrilineal societies first, starting with the United States, being both of these. â€Å"Patriarchy in the United States is based upon the idea of white male superiority. All others, those who are white and females, non-white and male, and non white and female, for example, are generally excluded from positions of privilege and power† (Reviere, pg. 1). In my opinion, the United States is a land that speaks of equality between race, gender and ethnic backgrounds, but does not act as such; women are often paid less than men for the same jobs, women are often objectified more than their male counterparts and women are often treated as inferior citizens. The males are taught early on that they are stronger, more superior to girls, they are molded and shaped by the toys they play with, how we (parents) talk to them, TV and movies. They are to be a â€Å"man’s man† and to act tough, macho and not cry. They are to be the head of the house, run the roost and be the breadwinner for the family. In the United States, the majority of the decisions are made by males, they run the political and religious aspects of the country as well as most households. Other counties that have patriarchal societies include (but are not limited to) Saudi Arabia, Italy, Uganda and Germany. In Saudi Arabia their religion, Islam, governs the way day-to-day life is ran. â€Å"In contemporary Muslim patriarchal societies, such control over women is considered necessary in part because women are regarded as the potential source of fitna, that is, moral or social disorder† (Mernissi, 1987). Also, women of all ages are required to have a male guardian â€Å"all women, regardless of age, are required to have a male guardian (Wikipedia 4, NPG). This guardian is the decision maker over things like education, marriage, elective surgeries, travel, work, etc. (Wikipedia 4, NPG). It is usually her husband, brother, or someone close within the family (Wikipedia 4, NPG). Also, women cannot vote or be elected to high political positions; law also prohibits them from driving (Wikipedia 4, NPG). â€Å"The World Economic Forum 2009 Global Gender Gap Report ranked Saudi Arabia 130th out of 134 countries for gender parity. It was the only country to score a zero in the category of political empowerment† (Wikipedia 4, NPG). In Italy, women’s sufferage came about and women were liberated somewhat. Women were allowed to vote in 1945 and were elected to Parliament in 1946 and also took part in the drafting of the Italian Constitution that same year (123, NPG). â€Å"For centuries, women were banned from the public arena, and Italy existed as a patriarchal society. Today, women have more rights, especially in the workplace, but Italian women deal with increased responsibilities in other areas while being expected to sustain their responsibilities at home without help from their spouses† (123, NPG). They are deemed the ultimate homemakers (Andrews, NPG). â€Å"Far more than in America or the UK, Italian mothers in the twenty-first century tend to be home-makers while their husbands go out to work† (Andrews, NPG). While they are allowed to work and even be in the political jobs, they are also expected to run the household entirely, â€Å"Italian women are faced with the task of working full time and also coming home to the full-time job of being a homemaker† (Wicket, NPG). While Italian women are becoming more modern, working, voting, and even being elected to high political positions, the mindset among men is still that of the old times (123, NPG). Actions won’t change until the mindset of true equality sets in. In Uganda, tradition dies hard. Uganda has a very patriarchal culture, so much so that, despite government, the people deny women rights and gender based violence is very high. The government is making tough decisions and laws to help aid women in the fight for equality (Irinnews, NPG). President Yoweri Museveni has been trying to make huge strides in equality over the last 25 years, but with little success. President Museveni stated in 2002, â€Å"womens rights for the first time have been enshrined in the Ugandan constitution. Ugandas womens movement has grown dramatically into a vibrant political force throughout the country. Uganda also is the first African country to have appointed a woman as vice president. The affirmative action policy has, for example, ensured that at least a third of legislative and civic positions were reserved for women. The Ugandan government also introduced a Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy to provide free education to four children per family, two of whom must be girls.† (Irinnews, NPG). Presently, the Ugandan government has offered assistance in furthering women’s rights, economic and infrastructure issues continue to prevent women from achieving gender equality (Irinnews, NPG). But even with a tough government, customary laws and traditions are still hard to fight. Traditions in Uganda die hard and ownership of land upon death of the husband, is one of those. â€Å"Uganda is still largely a patrilineal society. Customary practices that place women in an inferior position continue to operate in many communities in spite of the statutory laws that condemn such practices. Under customary law, women do not inherit property on widowhood. When a man dies, the clan immediately appoints an heir. The heir is usually the first son in the family. He inherits the property of the deceased and he is supposed to take care of everybody in the home† (Asiimwe, pg. 8). Another issue in Uganda would be gendered violence. Although President Museveni has condemned violence against women, it still takes place, he stated â€Å"gender-based violence and other discriminatory practices in our society have also hampered women from using their skills in development activities and prevented them from claiming their social-economic rights, for example, property rights and inheritance† (Ssempogo, NPG). While women play a central role in society, and few have been empowered, he noted most are still trapped in the low-income category (Ssempogo, NPG). In 2007, it was reported that 70 percent of women, since the age of 15 years, had experienced some form of violence (physical or sexual) inflicted by their spouse or intimate partner and 16 percent have experienced it during pregnancy (UDHS, pg. 15). Uganda’s President isn’t giving up hope or his fight. He still persists with his fight for equality, fight to end violence against women and pushes for women to be landowners, even without a male’s involvement. Looking at matriarchal and matrilineal societies, we will first discuss the Iroquois tribe, then the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, the Mosou of China and finally the Asante of the Akan in Ghana. First looking at the Iroquois, while they are now a chapter out of our history books, they were truly a matriarchal and matrilineal society. â€Å"In the Iroquois community, women were the keepers of culture they enjoyed equality and respect (Portland State University, NPG). They were responsible for defining the political, social, spiritual and economic norms of the tribe (Portland State University, NPG). Iroquois society was matrilineal, meaning descent was traced through the mother rather than through the father† (Portland State University, NPG). They also preformed many tasks and activities that were commonly reserved for men, such as, gambling, Medicine Societies, they also participated in politics, were landowners and tended to the crops (Portland State University, NPG). Also, when a couple marries, the man traditionally went to live with the wifes family (Portland State University, NPG). Although the leaders were men, it was the Clan Mothers who nominated and elected them, and could remove them from their position; the women made sure the male leadership fulfilled their responsibilities (Portland State University, NPG). The Minangkabau are the largest and most stable matrilineal society in the world today, numbering some 4 million people in West Sumatra (Sanday, NPG). They are a proud people well known in Indonesia for their literary flair, democratic leanings, business acumen, and matriarchal ways (Sanday, NPG). With the Minangkabau people, â€Å"tribal law requires all clan property to be held and bequeathed from mother to daughter, the Minangkabau firmly believe the mother is the most important person in society. Upon marriage, every woman acquires her own sleeping quarters. The husband may sleep with her, but must leave early in the morning to have breakfast at his mother’s home. At age 10, boys leave their mother’s home to stay in men’s quarters and learn practical skills. Men are always clan chief, but women select the chief and can remove him from office should they feel he failed to fulfill his duties† (Garrison, NPG) Their matriarchal customs are being threated by the industrialization of Indonesia (Sanday, NPG). Westernized culture is influencing parts of Indonesia with malls, bookstores and public transportation (Sanday, NPG). But the Minangkabau people are holding tight to the reigns of their way of life, not giving up so easily to outside influences. The Mosuo are perhaps the most famous matrilineal society. The Mosuo live with extended family in large households; at the head of each is a matriarch. Lineage is traced through the female side and property is passed and inherited along the matriline (Garrison, NPG). Women are business minded while the men run the political side; children are raised in the mother’s household, and also take her name (Garrison, NPG). In this society, there is virtually no violence; in fact, it is shameful to fight (Spiegel, NPG). Men are expected to finish the tasks give (by women), when he doesn’t, he is expected to admit it; he is not scolded or punished, but yet, treated as a boy who was not up to the task (Spiegel, NPG). Men are raised to be competent, men are good for aiding in decision making and physical labor and the Mayor is a male, but little attention is paid to him and he doesn’t have authority (figurehead) (Spiegel, NPG). Women decide with whom they want to spend the night, it can change daily (Spiegel, NPG). When a man enters a woman’s house (hut), he hangs his hat on a hook, outside the front door for others to see this woman has a male visitor (Spiegel, NPG). In the event a woman falls in love, she will only accept this man and this man will only come to this woman (Spiegel, NPG). The women solely care for the children, with the father playing little to no role (Spiegel, NPG). In the Mosuo society, women are the sole caretakers, money managers, leaders, laborers, and decision makers (Spiegel, NPG). They have virtually no use for the man except to fall in love with and for child-making, other than that, the men are â€Å"useless† until given a task by a woman (Spiegel, NPG). Lastly, the Asante of the Akan. The Akan are the majority in Ghana and still adhere to the matrilineal social structure despite pressures from the local government to change (Garrison, NPG). â€Å"The Akan social organization is fundamentally built around the matriclan. Within this matrilineal clan, identity, inheritance, wealth and politics are all determined. All matriclan founders are female, but men traditionally hold leadership positions. Succession to inheritable appointments is still determined by the male’s relationships to the women in his matriclan. Often, the man is expected to not only support his own family, but those of his female relatives† (Garrison, NPG). In the Asante tribe (part of the Akan), traditionally, both men and women serve as political leaders. The highest-level female leader is believed to be the mother of the entire society and it is she who chooses the male leadership (Brydon, 229). Asante’s ancestry is traced to a mother figure and through the line (Brydon, 229). Their stories and folklores also originate from a motherly figure (Brydon, 229). Although a woman’s brothers and sons have superior claim to property, women control the resources (Brydon, 229). Females are also responsible for settling domestic affairs (Brydon, 229). Asante’s women are viewed both internally (by the clans) and outwardly (by other cultures) and a strong and empowered female centered society (Brydon, 229) So the â€Å"Great Debate† asks, all of what we learn, our behavior, our intelligence, our â€Å"way we are†, is it internally inclined or socially constructed? In my Section A paper, I referenced a study done by Margaret Mead in New Guinea in the 1930s. In this study, she used ethnography to study three tribes, their behavior, their children and the results were immediately noticeable. The tribes were the Arapesh, the Mundugumor and the Tchumbuli (Lindsey, pg. 21-22). Tribal children regurgitated the behaviors learned by their parents and other tribe members. The Arapesh were noted in the text as â€Å"nurturant and compliant† between both genders (Lindsey, pg. 21). Both genders achieved great amounts of pleasure in tasks such as gardening, hunting and parenting (Lindsey, pg. 21). The Arapesh shared these tasks equally and willingly (Lindsey, pg. 21). Mead concluded that even though some societies have labeled tasks as paternal/maternal, their tasks (Arapesh) could not be separated based on gender (Lindsey, pg. 21). The Tchumbuli tribe was comparable to what we are more familiar with in the United States, but in reverse. The Tchumbuli tribe displayed a role reversal in gender roles (Lindsey, pg. 22). â€Å"This tribe consisted of proficient, and unadorned women and passive, vain, and decorated men† (Lindsey, pg. 22). Women fueled the tribe economically by being skilled in trades such as hunting, basket weaving and barter or trade (Lindsey, pg. 22.). Men were less masculine, remained close to the homes, danced and practiced art (Lindsey, pg. 22). Men also fought for the affection and attention of women; women usually accepted and tolerated the advances, sometimes even finding their need for attention amusing (Lindsey, pg. 22). The Mundugumor tribe was drastically different from both tribes. The Mundugumor tribe â€Å"barely tolerated children† (Lindsey, pg. 21). Children were often left to fend for themselves, they were taught to be fierce and hostile, competitive and wary of others (Lindsey, pg. 21). Mother nor father showed much affection, nurturing or tenderness towards children, even their own and often used harsh, physical punishments (Lindsey, pg. 21). The learned behavior quickly culminated to understanding tribal success being â€Å"measured by aggression, with violence as acceptable, expected solution to many problems† (Lindsey, pg. 21). Due to the hostile, angry nature of the Mundugumor tribe, the children exacted these roles in their adolescent and adult life with their children and the cycle continued (Lindsey, pg. 21). Mead noted that as with the Arapesh tribe, the Mundugumor tribe did not differentiate between male and female roles. That both male and female roles were interchangeable and personalities did not differentiate based on gender (Lindsey, pg. 21). This information, coupled with the differences in the patriarchal and matriarchal societies lead me to believe and draw conclusion that â€Å"nurture† is the true winner in the debate. In society, many traits we attribute to being â€Å"inherited† such as how we act like one of our parents, or how we grow up to be a certain way, with certain morals and beliefs; but these are not inherited, but merely cultured by the environment (our home life, upbringing). How we act (or the role we play) is largely based on the ideals, morals, beliefs and customs of the society we associate ourselves with. As shown above, many different cultures do things differently, so to say that things are â€Å"inherited†, I would say is wrong. Rather, the term I would use instead is â€Å"guided†- people are guided by their surroundings and families. While they are free to make their own decisions about who they want to be, what they want to believe and such, they are still shaped by what is deemed acceptable or not by the society they live in. It all relates back to cultural relativism, where nurture, not nature, shapes who we are. References Asiimwe, Florence Owen Crankshaw. â€Å"The impact of customary laws on inheritance: A case study of widows in Urban Uganda.† Journal of Law and Conflict Resolution. Vol 3 (1). Jan 2011. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.academicjournals.org/JLCR/PDF/pdf%202011/Jan/Asiimwe%20and%20Crankshaw.pdf Andrews, Cath. â€Å"Italian Family Traditions- Mothers, Sons and Marriage in Italy†. EZ Articles. 8 April 2010. Web. 1 August 2012. http://ezinearticles.com/?Italian-Family-TraditionsMothers,-Sons-and-Marriage-in-Italyid=4074668 Brydon, Lynne. â€Å"WOMEN CHIEFS AND POWER IN THE VOLTA REGION OF GHANA.† JOURNAL OF LEGAL PLURALISM. 1996. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.jlp.bham.ac.uk/volumes/37-38/brydon-art.pdf Dictionary. â€Å"Patrilineal.† TheFreeDictionary.com. 2012. Web. 29 Jul 2012. www.thefreedictionary.com/_/dict.aspx?word=patrilineal Garrison, Laura. â€Å"6 Modern Societies Ruled by Women.† Mental_Floss. 23 July 2012. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/132885 Lindsey, Linda. (2005). Gender Roles a Sociological Perspective. (4 ed.). Pearson Education International. Mernissi, Fatima. â€Å"Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society.† (Revised Edition). 1987. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press Nobelius, Ann-Maree. â€Å" What is the difference between sex and gender?† Monash University. 23 June 2004. Web. 26 July 2012. WEBLINK NEEDED N.A. Women in Politics: Turkey, Greece, and Italy. 123HelpMe.com. Web. 01 Aug 2012. http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=30400 N.A. â€Å" Uganda: Focus- Little change for women despite affirmative action.† Irinnews.com. 19 Dec 2002. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.irinnews.org/Report/40192/UGANDA-Focus-Little-change-for-women-despite-affirmative-action N.a. â€Å"Nature versus Nurture: Genetics and Environment†. Tree.com. 2011. Web. 26 July 2012. http://www.tree.com/health/nature-versus-nurture-environment-or-genetics.aspx Portland State University. â€Å"Iroquois Women.† Portland State University. 1 October 2001. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/iroquoiswoman.htm Reviere, R. â€Å"Women in US Prisons: Behind the Bars of the Patriarchy.† University of California, San Diego. N.d. Web. 29 July 2012. www.Dimension.ucsd.edu/CEIMSA-IN-EXILE/colloques/pdfPatri/ch-9.pdf Sanday, Peggy. â€Å"An excerpt from Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy.† University of Pennsylvania. 2002. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~psanday/sanday.htm Spiegel. â€Å"Men live better where women are in charge.† Spiegel International. 28 May 2008. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/the-mosuo-matriarchy-men-live-better-where-women-are-in-charge-a-627363.html Ssempogo, Herbert. â€Å"Uganda: Gender Violence Blocks Women Rights.† AllAfrica.com. 5 October 2010. Web. 1 August 2012. http://allafrica.com/stories/201010051114.html UDHS- Uganda Demographic and Health Survey. â€Å"Uganda Demographic and Health Survey Key Findings 2006.â€Å" Uganda Bureau of Statistics. 2006. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Uganda%20DHS%202006%20Key%20Findings.pdf Wicket, Sticky. â€Å"Italian Culture Produces Patriarchal Society.† RiseUP.com. 16 June 2010. Web. 1 August 2012. http://www.usariseup.com/sticky-wicket-questions/italian-culture-produces-patriarchal-society Wikipedia 1. â€Å"Nature versus Nurture.† Wikepedia.com. 20 July 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture Wikipedia 2. â€Å"John B. Watson.† Wikipedia.com. 22 July 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson#.22Little_Albert.22_experiment_.281920.29 Wikipedia 3. â€Å"Patriarchy.† Wikipedia.com. May 2010. Web. 29 July 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/patriarchy Wikipedia 4. â€Å"Women’s rights in Saudi Arabia.† Wikipedia.com. 24 July 2012. Web. 29 July 2012.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Event planning: The Southeast Asian Games

Event planning: The Southeast Asian Games Introduction to event The 2015 Southeast Asian Games, officially known as the 28th Southeast Asian Games or 28th Sea Games is a multi-sport event hosted by the city-state of Singapore. Sea games is held once in two years since 1959 and the first time is held in Thailand, Bangkok. The games are under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council of Asia. The games are participated by 11 countries which are Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Brunei and Laos (28th SEA Games, 2015). Singapore is the fourth time has hosted Southeast Asian Games since 1993, after a 22-year long hiatus. The 28th Southeast Asian Games was held from 5th June 2015 until 16th June 2015 at the Singapore Sports Hub as main sporting location. The SEA Games was conceived as an expedient to avail forge vigorous regional cooperation, understanding and unity within the South East Asian community. It was established to be a bi-annual multi-sports event to take place between the years when the Olympic Games and the Asian Games were held. In addition to that, about 7000 athletes from 11 participating nations with 36 sports and 402 events will feature in the 28th Southeast Asian Games Singapore 2015. In 2011 during the 26th Southeast Asian Games, held in Indonesian cities Palembang and Jakarta, as the host of the 28th Southeast Asian Games of 2015, Singapore has been nominated to host the event in 2007 and 2013 before, but turned down both opportunities referring to costs connected with the construction of the new Singapore Sports Hub. The 28th SEA Games will show the people of the Southeast Asia that success ultimately comes to ordinary people with extraordinary dreams. It’s not about having a champion, but inspiring the champion that is inside each of us. Stakeholder of the event People and organisations with a legitimate interest in the outcomes of an event are known as stakeholders. The successful event manager must be able to identify the range of stakeholders in an event and manage their individual needs, which will sometimes overlap and conflict (Johnny et al, 2007). As with event impacts, the event will be judged by its success in balancing the competing needs, expectations and interests of a diverse range of stakeholders. When asked the question ‘what makes an event successful’, there are now numerous shareholders that are key components of modern major events that are looking at a whole range of different measures of success. Thus, the stakeholders that I have chosen for discussion of the event impacts are the government and the sponsorship. The first stakeholders that I have chosen is the organizer of the 28th Southeast Asian Games, which is the Singapore Sports Council (SSC) as it relates to stakeholders of government of Singapore. The Singapore Sports Council (SSC) is the national sports agency responsible for engendering access, opportunities and capabilities for individuals to live better through sports. Through Vision 2030, Singapore Sports Council seeks to employ sports as a national strategy to stimulate positive, deeply embedded values for Singaporeans and Singapore. Singapore Sports Council was founded in 1973, through the merger of the National Sports Promotion Board (NSPB) and the National Stadium Corporation (NSC). It engenders opportunities for people to excel in sports; opportunities for people to be engaged in sports as, coaches, officials, volunteers or fans and opportunities for people to do business in sports as sponsors and investors. Singapore is a sovereign republic, with a legal system based on the English common law. The Constitution lays down the fundamental principles and basic framework for the three organs of state, namely, the Executive, the Legislative and the Judiciary. The Executive comprises the Cabinet, which is responsible for the general direction of the Government and accountable to Parliament. The Legislature comprises the Parliament and is the legislative authority responsible for enacting legislation. More information on the history of Parliament, Parliament House and activities of the House can be obtained from its website. The Judiciarys function is to independently administer justice. The Judiciary is safeguarded by the Constitution. The Prime Minister of Singapore is appointed by the President of Singapore under Article 25 of the Constitution. The President, acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, also appoints other Ministers from among the Members of Parliament. The Prime Minister is the effective head of the executive branch of government. He chairs the Cabinet, which is the central decision-making body of the executive government. It is an organ of state and central to Singapores system of government. Click for more information on the Cabinet appointments. In order to attract sponsorships, event managers must offer tangible benefits to sponsors, and effective programs to deliver them. Large corporations such as Coca-Cola, 100 Plus and Telstra receive hundreds of sponsorship applications each week, and only consider those events that have a close fit with corporate objectives and a demonstrable ability to deliver benefits. For the event, sponsorship is therefore much more than a means of boosting revenues, but must also meet the needs and objectives of its sponsors (William et al, 2007). Therefore, the second stakeholders that I have chosen is the main sponsor of 28th Southeast Asian Games, which is the NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation. NTUC Fairprice Co-operative Ltd was founded by the labour movement in 1973, with a social mission to moderate the cost of living in Singapore. From one supermarket, it has grown to become Singapore’s largest retailer serving about 430,000 shoppers daily, with a network of over 120 outlets, comprising FairPrice supermarkets, FairPrice Finest and FairPriceXtra. Its convenience stores, FairPrice Xpress and Cheers, has a network spanning over 160 convenience stores island wide and serves over 100,000 customers daily. NTUC FairPrice also owns a Fresh Food Distribution Centre and a centralised warehousing and distribution company. Today, with its multiple retail formats serving the varied needs and interests of people from all walks of life, NTUC FairPrice has kept pace with the changing needs of its customers while remaining committed to its social mission and its aspiration to be Singapore’s leading world-class retailer with a heart. Guided by the philosophy to do well in order to do good for the community, NTUC FairPrice set up the FairPrice Foundation in 2008 to focus its giving efforts to provide a better life for the community. FairPrice Foundation focuses its giving on three strategic thrusts – the poor and needy, nation building and community bonding, and advancing workers’ welfare. FairPrice has since donated $76 million to the Foundation to further these three areas of focus. Political benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder Based on the details above, political benefits towards NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation is increase international prestige. In Singapore, NTUC FairPrice’s sponsorship of 28th Sea Games gave it the benefits of getting its brand name quickly recognised in the Singapore market. It is important for event managers to identify exactly what NTUC FairPrice want from 28th Sea Games and what the 28th Sea Games can deliver for them. They may be seeking mechanisms to drive sales, or want to strengthen client relationships through 28th Sea Games to increase their international prestige and to attract more new customer. Besides, political benefits towards NTUC FairPrice and NTUC FairPrice Foundation and the government of Singapore is promoting social cohesion. The sponsorship will include SGD $2 million cash from FairPrice Foundation and SGD $3 million value in kind from NTUC FairPrice to the 28th Sea Games in support of the region’s most prestigious multisport event. This is the largest donation FairPrice and FairPrice Foundation have made to a sporting event to date. This is an ideal partnership for the organizer of 28th SEA Games which are Singapore Sports Council (SSC) as NTUC FairPrice has a strong relationship with the community. As part of FairPrice Foundation’s aim to create a better life for the community, the Foundation supports major activities and social community projects that cater to Singaporeans at large, to foster closer relationships among the community. Economic benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder A primary concern of an event entrepreneur or host organisation is whether an event is within budget and, hopefully, results in a surplus or profit. This is a simple matter of whether the income from sponsorship, merchandise and ticket sales exceeds the costs of conducting and marketing the event. However, from the perspectives of the host communities and governments, a wider range of economic impacts is often of equal or greater significance. Therefore, economic benefits towards government are business opportunities and employment creation. Events can provide their host communities with a strong platform for showcasing their expertise, hosting potential investors and promoting new business opportunities. During the 28th SEA Games, the government of Singapore spent Environmental benefits of the event towards chosen stakeholder A major event may require an environmental impact assessment before council permission is granted for it to proceed. Even if a formal study is not required, the event manager should carefully consider the likely impact of the event on the environment. This impact will be fairly contained if the event is to be held in a suitable purpose-built venue, for example, a stadium, sportsground, showground or entertainment centre, but may be much greater if the event is to be held in a public space not ordinarily reserved for events such as a park, town square or street. Crowd movement and control, noise levels, access and parking will often be important considerations. Therefore, environmental benefits towards government is increased environmental awareness and urban transformation and renewal. Firstly, environmental benefits towards government is increased environmental awareness. Governments of Singapore in 28th Sea Games, are increasingly using public education and legislation to promote the recycling of waste materials and reduce the amount of waste going to landfill. 28th Sea Games are targeted as opportunities to demonstrate best practice models in waste management and to change public attitudes and habits. Incorporating a waste management plan into the overall event plan has become increasingly good policy. Audience of the 28th Sea Games expectations and the health of the environment require that events demonstrate good waste management principles and provide models for recycling. The waste-wise event manager (government) will reap not only economic benefits, but also the approval of an increasing environmentally aware public. Secondly, environmental benefits towards government is urban transformation and renewal. In the staging of large events in Singapore such as this 28th Sea Games, the provision of infrastructure is often a costly budget component, but this expenditure usually results in an improved environment and facilities for Singapore, and provides a strong incentive for Singapore to act as host. The government of Singapore has been constructed the original stadium to a new sport complex, which is the Singapore Sports Hub and it will be Singapores premier land and sea sports, entertainment and lifestyle destination. The Singapore Sports Hub is a state-of-the-art, fully integrated sports, entertainment and lifestyle hub that will allow everyone in Singapore to watch, play and support sports and entertainment. Featuring a unique cluster development of integrated world-class sports facilities within the city, it will not only spur the development of the sports industry, excellence and participation, but also take sports to the next level in Singapore. Other Related Information Reference List 28th SEA Games. Available from: https://www.seagames2015.com > NTUC FairPrice. Available from: www.fairprice.com.sg > Government Singapore. Available from: www.fairprice.com.sg > Johnny Allen, William O’Toole, Robert Harris, Ian McDonnell, 2007. Festival Special Event Management, Irwin, Sydney. Jonathan Wong, 2015. Singapore SEA Games Budget. Available from: http://www.gov.sg/government/web/content/61466480471bdd139c90dc5660466bae/20150129_ST_SporesSEAGamesbudget3245m.pdf?MOD=AJPERESuseDefaultText=0useDefaultDesc=0> Gene Deletion Strategy: Identify Function of Non-Coding RNA Gene Deletion Strategy: Identify Function of Non-Coding RNA Molecular Biology mainly Non coding RNA Project Contents (Jump to) Non coding RNA Small Nuclear RNA genes Materials and Methods Media YPD and YPD+G418 plates Strain confirmation References A Gene Deletion Strategy to Identify the Function of Non-Coding RNA in the Eukaryotic Genome, Using the Model Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae Abstract The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key model organism for investigating cellular processes. While it is important to determine the role protein-coding genes play in biological, it is now clear that RNA also plays an important role in these cellular processes. Deletion cassettes were constructed successfully by a PCR based strategy for 12 ncRNAs, which are snR19, snR20, snR14, snR6, snR7, TLC1, SCR1, NME1, RPR1, RUF20, RUF21, and RUF22. Deletions cassettes were transformed into the diploid reference strain BY4743 and the ncRNA gene replaced with the KanMX marker byhomologous recombination. Heterozygous deletion strains were confirmed for each of the 12 genes by extensive PCR analysis and showed positive results for the insertion of the cassette. Following sporulation and tetrad dissection to segregate haploid spores and growth on different selective media, 10 of the 12 ncRNAs were shown to be essential for cell survival by producing 2 viable spores. These include snR19, snR20, sn R14, snR6, snR7, TLC1, SCR1, NME1, RPR1 and RUF20.However, RUF21 and RUF 22 produced four viable haploid spores indicating that these are non-essential genes for the cell.This resource will now enable the role of ncRNAs in cellular processes to be determined, by growth of these deletion strains in a range of different conditions and in different genetic backgrounds. Non coding RNA The term non-coding RNA (ncrna) is usually utilized for RNA that does not encode a protein, however this does not imply that such Rnas dont contain data nor have capacity. In spite of the fact that it has been by and large accepted that most hereditary data is transacted by proteins, late proof proposes that most of the genomes of vertebrates and other complex life forms is indeed translated into ncrnas, a considerable lot of which are alternatively joined and/or transformed into more diminutive items. These ncrnas incorporate micrornas and snornas (numerous if not a large portion of which stay to be distinguished), and likely different classes of yet-to-be-found little administrative Rnas, and a huge number of longer transcripts (counting complex examples of intertwining and covering sense and antisense transcripts), the vast majority of whose capacities are obscure. These Rnas (counting those inferred from introns) seem to embody a shrouded layer of internal signs that control diff erent levels of quality articulation in physiology and advancement, including chromatin structural engineering/epigenetic memory, translation, RNA grafting, altering, interpretation and turnover. RNA administrative systems may focus a large portion of our complex attributes, assume a critical part in ailment and constitute an unexplored universe of hereditary variety both inside and between species. (Mattick JS, 2006) In this project, the functionality of the following non-coding RNA genes in S.cerevisiae will be determined. The non-coding RNA genes mentioned in this study have significant importance in the yeast genome and the determination of functionality of these genes will unveil their exact contribution to eukaryotic cellular function. Non coding RNA genes are those that are transcribed but not translated. They code for either long (>200) or short (200et al., 2012). The highly abundant short non coding RNA genes have been well characterized and are known to play an important role in various cellular functions such as transcriptional regulation, translation regulation, RNA editing etc. Both long and short non coding RNAs are mostly transcribed by RNA polymerase II. However, some species of non coding RNAs are also transcribed by RNA pol III and I. Small Nuclear RNA genes The review article by Guthrie explains the steps that were undertaken to identify the snRNAs associated with the spliceosome (Guthrie and Patterson, 1988) and work carried out by the same group revealed that many of the ‘U-RNAs’ were encoded by single-copy genes, such as U5 which is encoded by snR7 (Riedel et al., 1986). ‘U’ in RNA stand for Uracil, each nucleotide in RNA encloses a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1 throughout 5. A base is appended to the 1 position, all in all, cytosine (C), adenine (A), uracil (U), or guanine (G). Cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines, Adenine and guanine are purines. Materials and Methods Media YPD and YPD+G418 plates YPD media were made from 2% D-glucose, 1% Bacto yeast extract, 2% Bacto-peptone. YPD plates were prepared by adding 2% agar to the YPD media. Agar (2%) and G418 Geneticin (200Â µg/ml) was supplement in the YPD media for the preparation YPD+G418 plates. The recepie for YPD+G418 plates is: Bacto Peptone Difco 10g Bacto Yeast Extract Difco 10g Glucose 20g Bacto Agar (if plates) 20g Distilled water qsp 1L Autoclave at 0,5bar After autoclavage let cool down until 55Â °C Add G418 to have a final concentration of 200mg/L (1 mL of 200mg/mL G418 in 1L of YPD) (Genetics of Intra Specie Variations) Identification of mating types and cross mating Using 96 well plate, colonies of G418 resistance spores, which have been isolated from replica platting method, were inoculated in 100ul of YPD and 7ulof DMSO and incubated overnight at 30Â °C. This stock can be stored at -20Â °C. The RT2 a strain and RT3 ÃŽ ± strain were allowed to grow in 5ml YPD culture overnight at 30Â °C. Following that two separated 96 well plates were used by filling each well with 10Â µl of the RT2 a strain or RT3 ÃŽ ± strain separately. Then 10Â µl of the tested samples were added each well of the known strains. These were then incubated overnight at 30oC. Following incubation, metal frogger was used to replica plate the crosses onto deficiency plates without leucine and tryptophan. The incubation period was allowed until the colonies were able to be obtained on the deficient media. For crossing, 2ul of the stock spores were pipetted on to deficiency plates without methionine and deficient plates without lysine. This was incubated at 30Â °C until the growth was determined. When all data of the deficiency plates and mating types was known, cross spores of opposite mating type and one defficiency was done by adding 10ul of each mating stock culture into an eppendrof tube and incubated overnight at 30Â °C. Strain confirmation To confirm that the picked cells were haploid spores and that the cells were originally BY4743 yeast, all dissected spores were grown on different SD media. RUF22 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + + + 1B + 1C 1D + + 2A + + + 2B + + 2C 2D + 3A + + 3B + 3C + 3D + + 4A + + 4B 4C + + 4D + + 5A + 5B + 5C + 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C + 6D + 7A + 7B + 7C + + 7D + + Table 2: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for RUF22 gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. RUF21 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + 1B + 1C + + 1D + + 2A + 2B + + 2C + + 2D + 3A + + 3B + 3C + 3D + + 4A + + 4B + + 4C + + 4D 5A + 5B + + 5C 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C + 6D + Table 3: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for RUF21 gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. TLC1 G418 -URA -HIS -LEU LYS -MET 1A + + 1B + + 1C 1D + + 2A + + 2B + + + 2C 2D + 3A + + + 3B + 3C + 3D + 4A + + 4B + 4C + 4D + + 5A 5B + + 5C + 5D + + + 6A + + 6B + + 6C 6D + + 7A 7B 7C + + + 7D + + + Table 4: Growth of the deletion strain tetrads on different SD media for TL gene. Each colony was scored for significant growth (+) or no/poor growth (-) on each medium. The data in Tables 2 and 3 shows the results of the dissected RUF22 and RUF21 spores after being given the required time to grow. It was found that there was no growth in the SD(-URA), SD(-HIS) and SD(-LEU) plates indicating that they were BY4743-derived tetrads. Moreover, the growth of the spores observed in the YPD+G418, SD(-MET) and SD(-LYS) in the case of RUF22 and RUF21 deleted strains indicating that these cells derived from tetrads and were haploid knockouts. References Genetics of Intra Specie Variations. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://www.ens-lyon.fr/LBMC/gisv/index.php/en/protocols/yeast-methods/72-yeast-media-recipes Mattick JS, M. I. (2006, April 15). Pub Med. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16651366